@Pronutro and Montyzuma. Well put. Your interest in the Slithery Ones is apparent. Be happy to ride with you in snake country any day. Knowledge always trumps fear. That said, all the knowledge in the world certainly doesn’t take away your initially response when you are bitten by a snake the first time. But it sure does help you get it under control! Montyzuma. Considering your use of the word syndrome, I make some assumptions that you are in either the medical field, or the field of herpetology etc. So any disagreement/differences in application I have with some of your methods are based simply on my personal experience and interest in snakes, and the necessity to understand how to deal with bites. Which I have suffered. So possibly an explanation of "envenomation" would help to put the Hubbers in a slightly better frame of mind, and assist in understanding snake bite. Thus… To the large degree most venomous snakes are able to control the muscles surrounding the venom glands. This means that they can choose whether or not to inject venom during a bite, and to what degree, or what amount of venom they inject. This all depends on the degree of threat (from their perspective), time of year, and a few other factors. What we understand from this is that not all physical bites are necessarily dangerous, bearing in mind too that there are harmless snakes which can also strike and bite you. As in the case of most reactions, the outcome for the victim will depend on a variety of factors, including physical activity, the victims sensitivity to venom (not just snakes), the degree of envenomation in terms of the victims body mass, ie: larger body mass will react less negatively to the same amount of venom injected into someone with a smaller body mass. So, envenomation means that a snake bites AND injects venom. A bite may consist of a puncture wound, or a number, or even deep or shallow scratches. All bites should be considered harmful until it has been proved by medical opinion that they are in fact not. Wound infection from the bite of a harmless snake can also be problematic. If envenomation has occurred then a puncture wound will generally exhibit greater symptoms than a scratch wound, but both should be treated as serious. Unlike sharks, and some other predators, identification of a snake from the wound is seldom (if ever) possible. So always try, leaving assumptions aside, to have a good look at the snake without further jeopardising your health. If possible try and capture a picture with the cell phone that you should have available. Also make note of the particular environment and its activity at the time. These can give some clues as to the type. The FIRST thing to do is to remove YOURSELF from the vicinity of the snake. Trying to kill something that moves quicker than you can blink is generally going to end badly for the slowest blinker! Here is the POINT: If a snake has simply warned you the first time; meaning that its initial bite was WITHOUT venom, further aggravating it will mean that the next bite will be in response to the threat, and envenomation WILL occur, and to a heightened degree. (If you have foolishly ‘killed’ it, be sure it is dead as some snakes are able to sham death until they feel they are able to get another bite in.) The SECOND thing to do is to remain calm. Like in any life threatening situation, the calmer you remain, the greater the likelihood of your survival ! A victim has a good few hours, even in the event of mamba or cobra bites, before death is inevitable, so again, stay calm. Over 95% of snakebites will not be fatal (statistically). Contacting medical aid should be your very next activity. Try and give accurate positioning, even stay connected if you are alone. If at all possible just stay where you are and let them come to you. First aid treatment is then the next step. In general this requires an understanding of the type of venom. If one is not able to identify the snake, then symptomatic response has to be taken. In other words, application of tourniquet, pressure, pressure bandage can greatly assist in reducing the rapidity with which the venom reacts, but if misapplied can actually be an exacerbating factor, and in the event of envenomation by mamba or cobras can waste precious time. In other words. If you are not 100% knowlegable as to the application, don't waste time doing it. Application of tourniquet should be done in the event of KNOWN neurotoxic envenomation by the snakes mentioned below. Basically: Neurotoxic venom will include pain at the bite, minimal swelling. Drowsiness, blurred vision, sweating and vomiting. This leads to trouble swallowing and eventually respiratory paralysis. This is where pressure applied to the wound, as well as a pressure bandage will help slow the onset of the life threatening symptoms. This method of treatment is questionable for bites by South African species, and can aggravate problems if poorly applied. In the event of a bite by Mamba or non-spitting Cobras a tourniquet can be life saving. Monitor swelling (caused by the constriction of the body part) and release for 5 seconds or so every 30, to 90 minutes max. Prolonged use of a tourniquet can cause severe tissue damage on its own. Cytotoxic venom includes burning pain at the wound, coupled with progressive swelling, and possibly some symptoms of drowsiness. In this case, do not apply a pressure bandage, as immediate and advancing swelling will complicate matters. (Some snakes venom can exhibit both NeuroT and CytoT symptoms – Berg Adder ) Haemotoxic venom will cause little or no swelling, continuous oozing of blood from the wound. Headaches and confusion are only followed much later by signs similar to neurotoxic envenomation, namely severe sweating, nausea and vomiting. Yes, I can hear you all saying – “excessive sweating, difficulty breathing!”. They are also symptoms of shock, along with rapid heartbeat, dizziness etc. So try your best, as the first aider, to assess which is which. Which means, as the victim, it is in your interests to get hold of yourself mentally, and remain calm. If you are unable to administer first aid, then the following do’s and don’ts apply. DO NOT: Cut, squeeze or rub the wound Suck on the wound Give alcohol Apply any form of medication Try any other of Grandmas recipies DO: Call for help Keep the victim still and calm Immobilize the limb, but do not elevate. Statistically, as a cyclist, you have more to fear from vehicles, accident and your fellow man than you do from snakes. Remember: We fear only what we do not understand. Happy holidays. EDIT: I have edited this post due to an error in the application of pointed out by Montyzuma (who has credible experience in this field ), and in the interests of all who may have close encounters with the legless kind!